The Sihanaka, one of Madagascar’s ethnic groups, are known for their way of life closely tied to the marshes and wetlands of the Lake Alaotra region, located in the northeast of the former Merina kingdom (now the Hautes Terres, starting with Antananarivo). Primarily fishermen and rice growers, they have adapted to the unique conditions of their aquatic environment.
The origins of the Sihanaka remain shrouded in mystery, but according to accounts, they are descended from the Antesaka or Antemasihanaka, a people originally from the marshy regions of Vangaindrano, on the island’s southeast coast. This group is said to have migrated to the Lake Alaotra region, where they gave rise to the present-day Sihanaka population. Oral tradition tells us that their ancestors came from a place called Masianaka, in the south of the Imerina. Under the guidance of their chief, they decided to settle near the lake, a choice that still shapes their way of life today.
In the 17th century, the Sihanaka were at the center of a notable incursion led by François Martin, a trader from Fénérive. The aim of this expedition was to avenge raids carried out by the Sihanaka against the Betsimisaraka, another Malagasy ethnic group. This incursion bears witness to the complex ties and rivalries that existed in the region at the time.
The funeral customs of the Sihanaka are particularly distinctive and reflect their rich cultural heritage. Traditional tombs are characterized by a mound of earth, at the top of which is erected a “joro,” a forked funeral pole, sometimes as high as 8 to 10 meters. This funerary monument symbolizes the memory of the deceased.
Additionally, “fototra” are lower poles, often topped with ox skulls. The “sary” are mannequins made of wood or papyrus (zozoro) that represent the deceased and serve as spiritual good-luck charms. These funerary objects are unique to this community and bear a strong resemblance to the effigies used by the Toraja, an Indonesian people known for their funeral rites.
The Sihanaka, with their ancient history and culture, continue to evolve while preserving their traditions. Far from being engulfed by modernity, they remain proud of their heritage and their deep connection with nature. Through their fishing, farming, and cultural rituals, the Sihanaka people remain a living example of Madagascar’s cultural diversity.
